Open circuit

The invention of printed circuit boards (PCBs) has significantly simplified electronics construction by providing a silicon board with pre-drilled holes for electronic components and interconnected by copper lines that enable current flow. Electrical testing is a critical step in PCB manufacturing and assembly to ensure proper functionality. While PCBs are typically tested by the supplier, additional self-testing may be required. This method involves using a 9-volt battery and an LED to check for continuity and detect short or open circuits in different sections of the PCB. By connecting the battery and LED to various hole sets on the PCB, it is possible to identify defects, ensuring that any defective PCB boards or sections are properly marked and eliminated from use. Read More

Zener diode, utilizing reverse breakdown of the PN junction, stabilizes voltage. As voltage approaches breakdown, current surges while voltage remains stable. Widely used in voltage regulators, references, and overvoltage protection. Faults include open/short circuits and voltage instability. Typical applications include series voltage regulators and TV overvoltage protection circuits. Read More